利用高温废气治理焦化酚氰污水项目实践

阐述了利用焦炉、窑炉、电厂等高温废气处理焦化污水的理论及工业实践,该工艺具有投资省、运行费用低的突出优点.     

Direct N2O decomposition over La2NiO4-based perovskite-type oxides

Direct decomposition of N₂O by perovskite-structure catalysts including La₂NiO₄, LaSrNiO₄, and La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ was investigated. The catalysts were prepared by the Pechini method and characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and O₂-TPD. Experimental results indicate that the properties of La₂NiO₄ are significantly improved by partially substituting La with Sr and Ce. N₂O decomposition efficiencies achieved with LaSrNiO₄ and La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ are 44 and 36%, respectively, at 400ºC. As the temperature was increased to 600ºC, N₂O decomposition efficiency achieved with LaSrNiO₄ and La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ reached 100% at an inlet N₂O concentration of 1,000 ppm, while the space velocity was fixed at 8,000 hr^?1. In addition, effects of various parameters including oxygen, water vapor, and space velocity were also explored. The results indicate that N₂O decomposition efficiencies achieved with LaSrNiO₄ and La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ are not significantly affected as space velocity is increased from 8,000 to 20,000 hr^?1, while La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ shows better tolerance for O₂ and H₂O_(g). On the other hand, N₂ yield with LaSrNiO₄ as catalyst can be significantly improved by doping Ce. At a gas hour space velocity of 8,000 hr^?1, and a temperature of 600ºC, high N₂O decomposition efficiency and N₂ yield were maintained throughout the durability test of 60 hr, indicating the long-term stability of La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ for N₂O decomposition.

Implications:Nitrous oxide (N₂O) not only has a high global warming potential (GWP₁₀₀ = 310), but also potentially destroys ozone in the stratosphere. Pervoskite-type catalysts including La₂NiO₄, LaSrNiO₄, and La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ are applied for direct N₂O decomposition. The results show that N₂O decomposition can be enhanced as Sr and Ce are doped into La₂NiO₄. At 600ºC, N₂O decomposition efficiencies achieved with LaSrNiO₄ and La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ reach 100%, demonstrating high activity and good potential for direct N₂O decomposition. Effects of O₂ and H₂O_(g) contents on catalytic activities are also evaluated and discussed.     

我国长江流域中三角区域大气污染物排放特征研究

中三角区域已经是我国第四个国家级城市群,也将成为我国经济增长的"第四极"。在经济发展的同时,更需要以节能减排、资源环境等为重点,以实现经济建设与生态文明"双可持续"的协同发展。本文以二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟(粉)尘为主要大气污染物,对我国中三角区域大气污染物排放进行了详细的分析,并与京津冀、长三角、珠三角、"三区十群"等进行了多方位比较。结果表明,2013年中三角区域二氧化硫排放量为151.7万t,其中工业二氧化硫排放量为140.1万t;氮氧化物排放量为147.2万t,其中工业氮氧化物排放量为93.6万t;烟(粉)尘排放量为81.8万t,其中工业烟(粉)尘排放量为71.4万t。中三角区域二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟(粉)尘排放量均位于"四极"的第三。中三角区域二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟(粉)尘单位GDP排放强度分别为25.03t/亿元、24.29 t/亿元、13.50 t/亿元,分别位于"四极"的第一、第二、第二。同时,本文还从经济发展模式、产业结构调整、煤炭消费方式等方面对我国中三角等经济"四极"提出了相关建议。     

长江口北港上段河道枯季悬沙浓度垂向分布特征研究

基于2018年4月15日至4月24日在长江口北港主槽大小潮连续10天的定点水文泥沙观测资料，对枯季期间北港上段河道悬沙浓度的垂线分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：研究区域的悬沙浓度较低，大小潮平均值仅为0.17 kg/m3，悬沙浓度具有大潮显著高于小潮，涨落潮平均浓度接近的特点；水动力则具有大潮明显强于小潮、落潮明显强于涨潮的特点；观测期间的盐度值很低，平均值仅为0.16 psu，盐度的大小潮变化、涨落潮变化以及垂向变化都非常小，盐度密度分层对悬沙剖面影响微弱。在这种动力、泥沙和盐度环境下，大潮期间的悬沙剖面主要为斜线型和指数型；小潮期间的悬沙剖面有斜线型、垂线型和指数型，其中以斜线型占主导。通过Rouse公式拟合发现，大部分的实测悬沙剖面较符合Rouse公式，根据该公式计算得到的悬沙沉降速度介于0.36~2.89 mm/s。Soulsby公式能够对实测的斜线型和垂线型悬沙剖面进行较准确预测，平均误差控制在10%以内。     

川中遂宁地区红层地下水水化学特征及主要离子来源分析

四川红层区居民用水主要为就近开采的地下水,水质参差不齐,研究红层地下水水文地球化学特征,对于宜井区选择,红层水源地用水安全具有重要意义。利用在遂宁船山区采集的70组浅层地下水水样,采用数理统计分析、离子比例关系等方法,分析了红层浅层地下水水化学特征及主要离子来源,研究得出:区内地下水中阴离子以HCO_3~-(164.00～571.91 mg·L~(-1))为主,其次是SO_4~(2-)(13.96～1 000.00 mg·L~(-1)),阳离子以Ca~(2+)(45.70～313.00 mg·L~(-1))为主,其中孔隙水的水化学类型主要为HCO_3,SO_4-Ca,SO_4-Mg型,裂隙水以HCO_3-Ca,Mg型与HCO_3-Ca型为主;地下水中离子成分主要由岩石风化产生,来源于地层中的方解石、白云石、石膏、芒硝等矿物的风化溶解,蒸发浓缩、地下水酸碱环境及人类活动对地下水成分造成了一定的影响;浅层地下水质量以Ⅲ～Ⅳ类为主,污染物主要为TDS、Fe~(3+)等原生污染,也存在NO_3~-、NO_2~-等人类活动污染;红层宜井区主要为平坝、丘坡坡脚及沟谷一带,为避免污染指标超标,井深不宜超过25m,远离养殖场、农厕等地下水易受人类活动污染的环境,防止鱼塘、农田等地表水进入井中。     

秸秆焚烧对哈尔滨市灰霾天气的影响

2015年11月1—4日,哈尔滨市及周边地区发生了连续的灰霾天气,颗粒物浓度急剧升高。污染发生时,监测仪器均布设在哈尔滨市区上风向30 km处(哈尔滨市双城区)并开展了连续96 h的监测分析。综合利用气象观测资料,3D可视激光雷达监测资料及地面空气污染监测资料分析了灰霾天气发生的气象条件和污染边界层特征,根据哈尔滨市双城区大气污染物排放源谱库对主要成分进行来源解析,结合颗粒物质量浓度和气象条件研究了秸秆焚烧对灰霾天气的影响。结果表明,灰霾天气持续期间,夜间生物质燃烧源成为该地区颗粒物的第二大源;秸秆焚烧产生的大气污染物,由于地面长时间静风,污染边界层降低等原因,致使本地污染物累积、不易扩散,加剧了本次污染。     

Tetra-detector size exclusion chromatography characterization of molecular and solution properties of soluble microbial polysaccharides from an anaerobic membrane bioreactor

Characterization of the molecular properties of soluble microbial products (SMP) is critical for understanding the membrane filtration and fouling mechanisms in anaerobic and aerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR & MBR). In this study, the distributions of the absolute molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity of SMP polysaccharides from an AnMBR were effectively determined by a high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) that was coupled with the refractive index (RI), diode array UV (DAUV), right and low angle light scattering (LS), and viscometer (Vis) detectors. Based on the tetra-detector HPSEC determined absolute molecular weights and intrinsic viscosity, a universal calibration relationship for the SMP polysaccharides was developed and the molecular conformations, average molecular weights, and hydrodynamic sizes of the SMP polysaccharides were also explored. Two factors which can be derived from the tetra-detector HPSEC analysis were proposed for the characterization of the viscous and osmotic pressure properties of the SMP polysaccharides. In addition, it was also extrapolated how to analyze the resistance characteristics of the concentration polarization layers formed in membrane filtration based on the molecular properties determined by the tetra-detector HPSEC analysis.

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Removal of PAHs with surfactant-enhanced soil washing: influencing factors and removal effectiveness

PAH removal with surfactant enhanced washing was investigated through a series of laboratory tests to examine the effect of stirring speed, washing time, surfactant concentration, liquid/solid ratio, temperature, and on-and-off mode. The first four factors show significant influence on the PAH removal while the latter two do not. Total removal ratio and a new proposed parameter, solubilization percentage, are used to evaluate the effectiveness quantitatively.     

夏季太湖CDOM光学特性空间差异及其来源解析

为进一步探究夏季太湖CDOM（有色溶解性有机质）光学特性在空间分布上的差异性与其来源的关系,对其紫外-可见吸收及三维荧光光谱特性进行了分析研究,在此基础上进一步分析了CDOM吸尘系数及其荧光组分（C1、C2、C3、C4）强度和各水质参数间的相关性.结合主成分分析法探讨了CDOM的来源以及与各参数指标[ρ（DOC）除外]之间的来源关系.结果表明:CDOM吸收系数α（355）、S值（光谱斜率）变化范围分别为3.27~8.27 m-1和0.011~0.021 nm-1;太湖西部、北部及南部湖区CDOM丰度较大,S值较低,受陆源输入的影响较为明显.CDOM的三维荧光光谱揭示其中含有两种类蛋白质组分C1和C2以及类腐殖质组分C3和C4,并且以类蛋白质组分为主.此外,大部分采样点的荧光指数（FI）为1.70~2.01,自生源指数（BIX）大于1,腐殖化指数（HIX）小于0.6,r_（T/C）（荧光峰T与荧光峰C荧光强度比值）小于2,表明夏季太湖CDOM内源特性相对强烈.研究显示,除ρ（DOC）外,CDOM与其他水质参数在第一主成分上（贡献率为90.8%）均存在显著相关关系,说明各水质参数的来源存在相似性,并且受生物自生源影响更为显著.      

三峡库区主要水域典型抗生素分布及生态风险评估

为评价三峡库区主要水域典型抗生素的污染状况和生态风险,利用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱联用法（SPE-HPLC-MS/MS）,分析三峡库区长江干流和6条支流表层水体中6类28种抗生素的质量浓度,根据欧盟环境风险评价方法计算RQ_S（风险商值）及RQ_sum（联合风险商值）,并按照Hernando等提出评级方法评价研究区域的生态风险等级.结果表明:三峡库区7条河流共检出4类10种抗生素,质量浓度范围为0.6~218.0 ng/L,其中除OFX（氧氟沙星）和CAP（氯霉素）外,其余8种[SDI（磺胺嘧啶）、SMX（磺胺甲唑）、SMZ（磺胺二甲嘧啶）、ERM（红霉素）、ROM（罗红霉素）、TYL（泰乐菌素）、FF（氟苯尼考）、LIN（林可霉素）]均为畜禽药品,并且FF、LIN在我国畜禽药品中使用量排名居前五位.7条河流抗生素RQ_sum由高到低依次为濑溪河>琼江>綦江>碧溪河>嘉陵江>长江>乌江,其中,濑溪河RQ_sum高达5.532,SMX、ERM和OFX均为高风险,说明其对濑溪河水体中相应的水生生物表现出较高的毒性风险;琼江、綦江、碧溪河和嘉陵江的RQ_sum均处于1~2之间,表现出较高生态风险,但4条河流检出抗生素的单个RQ_S均小于1,处于低风险;长江的RQ_sum为0.605,检出抗生素中TYL、ERM和ROM处于中风险,其余为低风险;乌江的RQ_sum为0.013,检出抗生素均处于低风险,说明水体受人类活动干扰最小.研究显示,三峡库区主要水域中抗生素含量略低于其他水域,但应进一步强化对畜禽养殖行业抗生素使用的监管,开展畜禽粪污还田技术规范中抗生素含量限制的相关研究.